> For the complete documentation index, see [llms.txt](https://docs.basin.global/llms.txt). Markdown versions of documentation pages are available by appending `.md` to page URLs; this page is available as [Markdown](https://docs.basin.global/appendix/ecosystem-services-classification/ecosystem-services-frameworks/fema-ecosystem-service-value-updates.md).

# FEMA Ecosystem Service Value Updates

Source: FEMA [June 2022](https://www.fema.gov/sites/default/files/documents/fema\\_ecosystem-service-value-updates\\_2022.pdf)

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Primarily utilizes the seminal Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2001) categories.
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FEMA has updated its approach to hazard mitigation by incorporating Ecosystem Service Values (ESV) into its Benefit-Cost Analysis (BCA) Toolkit, measured in terms of dollars per acre per year ($/ac/yr). These updates extend across nine different land cover and ecosystem types and 14 categories of ecosystem services. The inclusion of ESV not only makes the toolkit more comprehensive but also simplifies the application process for subapplicants seeking to implement Nature-Based Solutions (NBS). Recent policy changes have expanded eligible NBS activities and eliminated previous benefit-cost ratio requirements, making it easier for projects focused on ecological benefits to receive funding. This marks a shift towards more sustainable and equitable hazard mitigation strategies.

## Ecosystem Services Categories

Provisioning; Regulating; Supporting; Information

## Ecosystem Services Classified

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The 14 in **bold** have calculated economic values in $/ac/yr.
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Energy and Raw Materials

**Food Provisioning**

Medicinal Resources

Ornamental Resources

Water Storage

**Air Quality**

**Biological Control**

**Climate Regulation**

**Hazard Risk Reduction**

**Pollination**

Soil Formation

Soil Quality

**Erosion Control**

**Water Filtration**

**Water Supply**

**Habitat**

Nutrient Cycling

**Aesthetic Value**

**Existence Value**

Cultural Value

**Research and Education**

**Recreation/Tourism**